Every institution talks about the need for interoperability but few speak honestly about what it actually costs, in regulation, in pricing, and in the multilateral negotiation it takes to connect one country's payment system to another's. This panel brings together the messaging networks, reserve-pooling mechanisms, national schemes and multilateral hubs doing this work in practice, to work through the frictions: which regulatory frameworks still block genuine interoperability, how the economics of a cross-border link actually get split between the parties that build and operate it, and what a smaller or newer market needs in place before it can plug into a bigger one.

This panel aims to present a grounded view of where multilateral payment cooperation is actually working today, what it costs to get there and dive deeper into whether the real barrier to cross-border payment connectivity is technical, regulatory or commercial.

For CFOs and treasurers, programmable money is not a thesis, it's an allocation decision. Where does settlement risk really sit when value moves in real time, and who carries the exposure? How does tokenisation rewrite collateral management and intraday liquidity? What does the yield/risk trade-off look like across deposits and other forms of money, and what happens to deposit insurance and the lender of last resort when money is code? The question boards are starting to ask: whose balance sheet does each instrument sit on, yours, your bank's, or nobody's? And are balance sheet light banking models the safer answer? A working session for the people who answer with real money.

Building the infrastructure for financial inclusion and cross-border connectivity is one challenge. Financing it is another, and it's the one that usually gets skipped over in the excitement about what could be built. Is the binding constraint on financial inclusion the technology, or the capital to build and sustain it?

This panel brings together leaders from a small economy building its own digital public infrastructure, a hub positioning itself to draw global capital into a fast-growing regional market, and a development bank whose entire mandate is getting credit to populations mainstream finance still doesn't reach. The dialogue will focus on where the funding for this actually comes from, state budgets, development finance, or private capital drawn in by the right market positioning, and what it takes for a smaller or developing market to make itself genuinely investable.